APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 4
MINIATURE ECONOMICS
(Goods 1,2 and 3 are non-durable, goods 4 and 5 are durable; in association with non-durable goods µ = 1 and in association with durable goods µ = 0.04 in the fifth economy and µ = 0.03 in the sixth economy. The net national product of the fifth economy is the unit of measurement of prices, wage, capital, saving and investment in all the six economies. For saving and investment functions and calculation of the ratio between net ouput per unit of labour of any two of the economies prices are expressed at r = R5).
Rate of profit is determined by wage-profit relation and investment function subject to the constraint of saving:
r = Ri n i√1-ω (i=1,2,3,4,6)
r = R5 (1- ω) I = a0 + a1 KPr + a2 KP/L r/ n√1- ω I ≤ S = β0 + β1s1 KPr + β2s2 L ω
Where (µ+R) KP = γ P, y′ = γ P-µ KP, and ω = ω L y′5
We assume a0 = 0, a1=1, a2=1, β0=0, β1=1, β2=1, s1=0 and s2 = 0.01 for convenience of calculations in absence of empirically given values of these.
ECONOMY I
(µ + r) (2600 p1 + 120p2) + 48 ω = 5520 p1
(µ + r) (2200 p1 + 480p2) + 32 ω = 690 p2
NNP (1) = 720 p1 + 90 p2
NNP (1) = 0.29 SNP (5) = 0.29
R1 = 720 p1 + 90 p2 = 0.15
4800 p1 + 600 p2
y1′ = NNP (1) = 0.29 = 0.003625
L (1) 80
^ ^
KP = KP (3) = 1.9
^ ^
KP = KP (3) = 1.9 = 0.0158
^ L(3) 120
L
I1 = 1.9r + 0.0158 x 0.15 = 1.9r + 0.00237
S1 = 1.9r + 0.01 x 80 ω = 1.9r + 0.8 ω
When I1 = s1, we have 0.8 ω = 0.00237 or ω = 0.00296
. ω = 0.00296 = 0.59 . . 0.005
Putting the value of ω into the wage-profit equations
We have r = 0.15 n√1-0.59 r = 0.30 (1-0.59)
Taking the right hand sides of the equations and solving for n we have
n = 4.49 and 1 = 0.22 n
With the value of n obtained we have r = 0.15 (1- ω)0.22 r = 0.30 (1- ω) .
. . (1- ω) 0.78 - 0.5 = 0
By binomial expansion and solution of the resulting equation we have only one admissible value:
ω = 0.6
Corresponding to ω = 0.6 we have
r = 0.12
We, thus, find that the two curves have a single switch-point at
r = 0.12 and ω = 0.6
The equilibrium rate of profit is
ECONOMY II
(µ+r) (2600p1+120p2) + 60 ω = 5760p1
(µ+r) (2200p1+480p2) + 40 ω = 720p2
NNP (2) = 960p1+120p2
NNP (2) = 0.38 SNP (5) = 0.38
R2 = 960p1 + 120p2 = 0.20
4800p1+600p2
y2′ = NNP (2) = 0.38 = 0.0038
L (2) 100 ^ ^
KP (2) =KP (3) =1.9 ^ ^
KP (2) = KP (3) =1.9 = 0.0158 ^ L(3) 120
L(2)
I2 =1.9r + 0.0158 x 0.20 = 1.9r + 0.00316
S2 =1.9r +0.01 x 100w = 1.9r+1 ω
When I2 = S2, we haveω = 0.00316 ω = 0.00316 = 0.65 0.005
Putting the value of ω into the wage profit equations
we have
r = 0.20 n√1-0.65
r = 0.30 (1-0.65)
Solving we have
n = 1.63 and 1 = 0.61
n
With the value of n obtained we have
r = 0.20 (1 – ω)0.61
r = 0.30 (1 – ω)
.
. . (1 – ω)0.39 – 0.67 =0
By binomial expansion and solution of the resulting equation we have only one admissible value:
ω = 0.74
Corresponding to ω = 0.74 we have
r = 0.078 or 0.08
We, thus, find that the curves of the economy II and economy V meet at
r = 0.08 and ω = 0.74
The equilibrium rate of profit is
r = 0.20 1.63√1-0.65 = 0.11
ECONOMY III
(µ + r) (2600p1120p2) + 72 ω = 6000p1
(µ + r) (2200p1 + 480p2) + 48 ω =750p2
NNP (3) = 1200p1 + 150p2
NNP (3) = 0.48SNP (5) = 0.48
R3 = 1200p1 + 150p2 = 0.25
4800p1 + 600p2
y′3 = NNP (3) = 0.48 = 0.004
L(3) 120
KP(3) = NNP(3) = 0.48 = 1.92
R3 0.25
KP (3) = 1.92 = 0.016
L(3) 120
I3 = 1.92r + 0.016 x 0.25 = 1.92r + .004
S3 = 1.92r + 0.01 x 120 ω = 1.92r + 1.2 ω
When I3 = S3, we have
1.2 ω = 0.004
or ω = 0.0033
.
. . ω = 0.0033 = 0.66
0.005
Putting the value of ω into the wage profit equations
we have r = 0.25 n√1-0.66 r = 0.30 (1-0.66)
Solving for n we have n = 1.2 and 1 = 0.83 n
With the value of n obtained we have
r = 0.25 1.2√1- ω
r = 0.30 (1- ω)
. . (1- ω)0.17 – 0.83 = 0
By binomial expansion and solution of the resulting equation we have only one admissible value:
ω = 0.76
Putting this value of ω into the wage profit equations
we have
r = 0.07
The two curves, thus, meet at
r = 0.07 and ω = 0.76.
The equilibrium rate of profit is
r = 0.25 (1-0.66)0.83 = 0.10
ECONOMY IV
(µ + r) (3200 p1 + 200 p2) + 90 ω = 7140 p1
(µ + r) (2400 p1 + 600 p2) + 70 ω =1020 p2
NNP (4) = 1540 p1 + 220 p2
NNP (4) = 0.67 SNP (5) = 0.67
R4 = 1540 p1 + 220 p2 = 0.275
5600 p1 + 800 p2
y′4 = 0.67 = 0.00418
160
KP(4) = NNP(4) = 0.67 = 2.4
R4 0.275
KP (4) = 2.4 = 0.015
L(4) 160
I4 = 2.4 r + 0.015 x 0.275 = 2.4 r + 0.004125
S4 = 2.4 r + 0.01 x 160 ω = 2.4 r + 1.6 ω
When I4 = S4, we have
1.6 ω = 0.004125
or ω = 0.002578
.
. . ω = 0.002578 = 0.52
0.005
Putting the value of ω into the wage - profit equations
r = 0.275 n√1-0.52
r = 0.30 (1- 0.52)
Solving we have
n = 1.11 and 1 = 0.9
n
With the value of n obtained we have
r = 0.275 1.11√1- ω
r = 0.30 (1- ω).
. . (1- ω)0.1 – 0.92 = 0
By binomial expansion and solution of the resulting equation we have only one admissible value:
ω = 0.062
Corresponding to this value of ω we have
r = 0.28
The result shows that there is no meeting point between the two curves within the range of the maximum value of r, that is, 0.275.
The equilibrium rate of profit is
r = 0.275 (1-0.52)0.9 = 0.15
ECONOMY V
(µ + r) (140p1+ 4p2 + 6p3 + 4p4 + 3p5) + 60 ω = 715p1
(µ + r) (90p1+ 12p2 + 12p3 +8p4 + 9p5) + 40 ω = 104p2
(µ + r) (120p1+ 6p2 + 12p3 +12p4 + 8p5) + 50 ω = 117p3
(µ + r) (105p1+ 36p2 + 12p4 + 18p5) + 30 ω = 17p4
(µ + r) (95p1+ 22p2 + 24p3 +14p4 + 12p5) + 20 ω = 17p5
GNP = 715 p1 + 104 p2 + 117p3 + 65p4 + 65p5
(The machines are 50 each in use, their depreciation at 0.04 amounts to 2 machines so that the 50 depreciated machines are equivalent to 48 new ones and these added to 17 newly produced machines make a total of 65 in the GNP.)
NNP (5) = SNP(5) = 165 p1 + 24 p2 + 27p3 + 15p4 + 15p5 = 1
R5 = 165p1 + 24 p2 + 27p3 + 15p4 + 15p5 = 0.30
550p1 + 80p2 + 90p3 + 50p4 + 50p5
y′5 = NNP (5) = 1 = 0.005
L(5) 200
KP5 = NNP(5) = 1 = 3.3
R5 0.30
KP (5) = 3.3 = 0.0165
L(5) 200
I5 = 3.3r + 0.0165 x 0.3 = 3.3r + 0.00495
S5 = 3.3r + 0.01 x 200 ω = 3.3 r + 2 ω
When I5 = S5, we have
2 ω = 0.00495
or ω = 0.002475
and ω = 0.002475 = 0.495
0.005
n = 1
Therefore r5 = 0.3 (1-0.495) = 0.1515 or 0.15
ECONOMY VI:
(µ + r) (140p1+ 2p2 + 4p3) + 60 ω = 714p1
(µ + r) (50p2+ 40p3) + 50 ω = 112p2
(µ + r) (30p2 + 50p3) + 40 ω = 126p3
(µ + r) (10p2+ 8p3 + 25p4) + 30 ω = 16p4
(µ + r) (8p2 + 8p3 +25p5) + 20 ω = 16p5
NNP of the basic goods sector = SNP (6) = 32 p2 + 36p3
NNP (6) = 0.99 SNP (5) = 0.99
R6 = 32 p2 + 36p3 = 0.40
80p2 + 90p3
y′6 = NNP (6) = 0.99 = 0.00495
L(6) 200
KP(6) = 2.11 SNP(5) = 2.11
KP (6) = 2.11 = 0.01055
L(6) 200
I6 = 2.11r + 0.01055 x 0.4 = 2.11r + 0.00422
S6 = 2.11r + 0.01 x 200 ω = 2.11r + 2 ω
When I6 = S6, we have
2 ω = 0.00422
or ω = 0.00211
and ω = 0.00211 = 0.42
0.00495
Putting the value of ω into the wage profit equations
we have
r = 0.30 (1-0.42)
Solving we have
n = 0.65 and 1 = 1.54 n
With the value of n obtained we have
r = 0.40 0.65√1- ω
r = 0.30 (1- ω)
. . (1- ω)0.54 – 0.75 = 0
By binomial expansion and solution of the resulting equation we have only one admissible value:
ω = 0.40
Corresponding to this value of ω we have
r = 0.18
The two curves intersect each other at r = 0.18 and ω = 0.40.
The equilibrium rate of profit is
r = 0.400.65√1-0.42 = 0.17